Implementation of Legal Protection for Citizenship Rights of Indonesian Former Transnational Terrorism Actors Within The Indonesian Legal System
Keywords:
Citizenship, Former Terrorists, Human Rights, Indonesian Legal SystemAbstract
This research aims to analyze the implementation of legal protection for citizenship rights of former transnational terrorist Indonesian citizens within Indonesia's legal system. Using normative juridical method with statutory and conceptual approaches, this study examines secondary data from primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials. The results show that Indonesia's legal system has an adequate legal framework to protect the citizenship rights of former transnational terrorists, although its implementation faces various challenges. The deradicalization program and status verification mechanism implemented by the government have not been fully effective due to inter-institutional coordination constraints and community resistance. Additionally, the study identifies that citizenship status cannot be automatically revoked without proper legal process according to Law No. 12 of 2006 on Citizenship, as terrorist groups cannot be categorized as "foreign military" as specified in the law. This research contributes significantly to the development of returnee handling policies by balancing aspects of national security and human rights protection.
References
Andina, Elga, 2020, “Wacana Pemulangan Anak-anak Kombatan ISIS”, in Journal of Pusat Penelitian Badan Keahlian DPR RI, Volume XII, No. 4.
Benmelech, E. & Klor, E. (2020). What Explains the Flow of Foreign Fighters to ISIS? Terrorism and Political Violence, 32(7), 1.
Boekestein, T. (2018). Deprivation of Nationality as a Counter-Terrorism Tool: a Comparative Analysis of Canadian and Dutch Legislation. The Transnational Human Rights Review, 5(1), 2.
Burchardt, D. & Gulati, R. (2018). International Counter-Terrorism Regulation and Citizenship Stripping Laws – Reinforcing Legal Exceptionalism. Journal of Conflict and Security Law, 32(2), 13.
Fox-Decent, E. (2017). The Authority of Human Rights. The University of Toronto Law Journal, 67(4), 601.
Hikam, Muhammad A.S, 2016, Deradikalisasi: Peran Masyarakat Sipil Indonesia Membendung Radikalisme, (Jakarta: PT Kompas Media Nusantara).
Hoffman, A. & Furlan, M. (2020). Challenges Posed by Returning Foreign Fighters.
Houry, N. (2016, November 23). Children of the Caliphate: What to Do About Kids Born Under ISIS. Foreign Affairs.
Junaid, Hamzah, “Pergerakan Kelompok Terorisme dalam Perspektif Barat dan Islam”, in Journal of Sulesana, Volume.8/No.2/2013.
Kopitzke, C. (2017). Security Council Resolutions 2178 (2014). Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies, 24(1), 24.
Kusumaatmadja, Mochtar, 2003, Pengantar Hukum Internasional, (Bandung: Alumni).
Lambert, H. (2015). Comparative Perspective on Arbitrary of Nationality and Refugee Status. International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 64(1), 725.
Lambert, H. (2017). Temporary Refuge from War: Customary International Law and the Syrian Conflict. International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 66(3), 74.
Latukau, Fikry, 2020, “Perlindungan Hukum Asasi Pelaku Terorisme Sebagai Bentuk Penerapan Hukum Yang Berkepastian dan Berkeadilan”, in Journal of Judicial Review, Volume 22, No. 1.
Law Number 12 of 2006 concerning Indonesian Citizenship
Lloydd, M. (2017). Foreign Fighters Under International Law and Beyond. Melbourne Journal of International Law, 18(1), 4.
Luquerna, A. (2020). The Children of ISIS: Statelessness and Eligibility for Asylum Under International Law. Chicago Journal of International Law, 21(1), 151.
Mantu, S. (2018). “Terrorist” Citizens and the Human Rights to Nationality. Journal of Contemporary European Studies, 26(1), 30.
NN, https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/penolakan-wni-eks-isis-dan-ujung-jalan-program-deradikalisasi, accessed on Desember 15, 2024.
Prasetyo, Achmad Yudha, 2020, “Tinjauan Kriminologi Terhadap Pelaku Tindak Pidana Terorisme”, Thesis of Law Faculty, University of Muhammadiyah Sumatra Utara Medan.
Ratnasari, Fauziah, 2017, “Sanksi terhadap Pelaku Tindak Pidana Terorisme Ditinjau dari Perspektif Fiqh Jinayah dan Undang-Undang Nomor 15 Tahun 2003”, Thesis of Faculty of Syari’a and Law, University of Raden Fatah Palembang.
Renard, T. & Coolset, R. (2020). From Bad to Worse: The Fate of European Foreign Fighters and Families Detained in Syria. Egmont Institute.
Rusdi, Moh. Ramdan, 2020, “Status Kewarganegaraan WNI Yang Bergabung Dengan ISIS Berdasarkan Undang-undang Nomor 12 Tahun 2006 Tentang Kewarganegaraan”, in Journal of Dinamika, Volume 26, No. 17.
Scott, G. & Podder, S. (2015). Social Media, Recruitment, Allegiance, and the Islamic State. Perspectives on Terrorism, 9(4).
Spiro, P. (2011). A New International Law of Citizenship. The American Journal of International Law, 105(4), 694.
Sunardi, 2017, Terorisme dalam Perspektif Politik Hukum Pidana Internasional, (Tangerang Selatan: Nirmana MEDIA).
The 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia.
Waas, L. & Jaghai, S. (2018). All Citizens are Created Equal, but Some are More Equal Than Others. Netherlands Law Review, 65(3), 414.
Waas, L., Chickera, A., & Albarazi, Z. (2014). The World's Stateless. Wolf Legal Publisher.
Wautelet, P. (2017). Deprivation of Citizenship for 'Jihadists' Analysis of Belgian and French Practice and Policy in Light of the Principle of Equal Treatment.
Yasin, Johan, 2009, “Hak Asasi Manusia dan Hak Serta Kewajiban Warga Negara Dalam Hukum Positif Indonesia”, in Journal of Syiar Hukum: Journal of Ilmu Hukum, Volume 11 No. 2.
Zebua, Claresta Sri Nifili, 2019, “Perlindungan Hukum Internasional Terhadap Mantan Anggota ISIS Yang Ditolak Kembali ke Negaranya”, Thesis of Law Faculty, University of Atma Jaya Yogyakarta.
